Alternative energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alternative energy - Essay Example The Guinness Atkinson Alternative Energy Fund’s co-manager Edward Guinness says that although wind energy’s use is growing almost at 30 per cent per year, yet the price of energy generated by the wind is competitive with the price of the fossil fuels (Eaves, 2007). Rapid growth in the production and use of solar power is also expected in the near future. Slightly more than 0.1 per cent of the total energy in the world is derived from the solar power through the photovoltaic vells. According to Edward Guinness, use of the solar power can grow to more than 10 per cent in the next two to three decades with the improvement of the manufacturing processes (Eaves, 2007). However, â€Å"[t]here are financial, political, and technical pressures as well as time constraints that will force tough choices† (Grunwald, 2009). Therefore, it would take some time for the use of the alternative sources of energy to outperform that of the fossil fuels. The future of energy is more about how than what. â€Å"I think the things that would really blow us away if we could jump forward 20 years would not be the giant fields of windmills, but the 1,000 changes in daily life that have taken place in order to save energy† (Steffen cited in Eaves, 2007). In the future, the sources of power are expected to get closer to the home. The changes would extend beyond the use of low-energy light bulbs. People would rely more on local energy particularly where the places have abundance of wind, sunshine, and rivers. With the production of energy at the domestic level, there would be flow of energy back and forth within the small infrastructure in the form of power grids that would supply energy two-way i.e. both to and from the homes. The alternative sources of energy have not been utilized to full extent on the Earth to date fundamentally because their supply and use has been expensive and the supply has not met the demands. Although the use of fossil fuels

The Four Natural Physical Spheres Essay Example for Free

The Four Natural Physical Spheres Essay Lithosphere (litho is Greek of stone) The solid, inorganic portion of Earth, comprising the rock of Earths crust as well as the broken and unconsolidated particles of mineral matter that overlie the solid bedrock. The surface is shaped into an almost infinite variety of landforms, both on the seafloors and on the surfaces of the continents and islands. Atmosphere (atmo is Greek of air) The gaseous envelope of air that surrounds Earth. It contains the complex mixture of gases needed to sustain life. Most of this adheres closely to Earths surface, being densest at sea level and rapidly thinning with increased altitude. It is a very dynamic sphere, kept in almost constant motion by solar energy and Earths rotation. Hydrosphere (hydro is Greek for water) Comprises water in all its forms. The oceans contain the vast majority of the water found on Earth and are the moisture source for most precipitation. Biosphere (bio is Greek for life) Encompasses all the parts of Earth where living organisms can exist; in its broadest and loosest sense, the term also includes the vast variety of earthly life forms (properly referred to as biota).

Impact of Agricultural Changes in Goa

Impact of Agricultural Changes in Goa INTRODUCTION Etymologically the term Agriculture is derived as follows – ‘Agri’ means field or soil and ‘culture’ means the care of or tilling. It includes all such human efforts as are conducive to the quick and better growth of vegetables and animal products for the benefit of man. In the last fifty years of liberation, the state has undergone and witnessed in the agriculture sector. At the time of liberation, nearly two third of the population was involved in agriculture as their primary occupation. Paddy was the predominant crop of the state followed by cashew and coconut. The situation now changing and today we have cashew nut which is cultivated in nearly 55,000 Ha with paddy 31,000 Ha. The cultivation of horticulture crops nowadays are gaining importance due to the good returns, lower risk and tolerance of these crop for part time farming are greatly influence. The state of Goa is providing assistance to agriculture at all levels to provide substantial returns to rural people.The Agriculture Department gives assistance for farmer from land preparation of the extent of marketing of the produce. The Department of Agriculture with is head quarter at Tonca, Panaji implements developmental programme through zonal agriculture offices located in each talukas level and training center at district level. Laboratories are set up at district level to test the soil where soil health cards are issued for major and micro Goa being a progressive state, the farmers face tremendous shortage of labor who could work on the fields . The dependence of machine for activities in agriculture is emerging trend. Goan farmers having small land holding and nearly 80% of farmers own less than 1 ha of land. The government preferred smaller machine to farmers and provides financial assistance for such machines. In the state of Goa agriculture is one of the most important economic activity. . Lies between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats, to feed its own people Goa faces problems . The coastal areas are exposed to salinity and not suitable for agriculture , while the inland areas are not productive enough. So for its day-to-day needs of agricultural produce like vegetables, Goa is dependent on Karnataka and Maharashtra for its day to day needs of agricultural produce like vegetables. However, approximately one-third of the total land in Goa falls under forest areas and yields substantial profits. The government, however, has done much to improve and develop agriculture in Goa to make it more productive, thus enabling the farmers to get a better return for their labor. Rice and fish being the staple diet of the people, paddy becomes the prominent crop in the scenario of agriculture in Goa. The important crops, besides paddy, are maize, ragi, bajra, jowar and pulses. Cash crops like mango aerecanut jackfruit, banana pineapple, cashew nut coconut, are also grown in abundance. Cashew is one of the most important crop in Goa. One kind of intoxicating drink called Feni is produced from cashew. Sugarcane cultivation has been recent phenomena and a sugar factory has also been set up in Goa. There are different variety of mangoes are grown in Goa. Some of the famous Mango varieties are mancurade, mussarade, fernandine, xavier, alfonsa, colaco. Kapo (hard) and Rasal (soft) are two varieties of jackfruit are grown here. The vegetables that are commonly part of the agriculture in Goa are ladys fingers, radish, brinjol, pumpkins, cucumber, drumsticks, breadfruit and different varieties of gourds. Sweet potatoes, chillies, onions are also available in Goa. Paddy being the principal crop of Goa, it is grown in two seasons, namely Kharif or sorod and the rabi or vaingan. The crops which are grown in monsoon are called the kharif crops and the winter crops are called rabi crops. The main sources of irrigation for winter crops are the nallahs, rivers and streams, tanks, wells and canals. Crops which are grown in the Kharif season consist of paddy, ragi (locally called nachani) and some pulses. Crops grown in the rabi season are comprised of paddy, pulses like horse-gram (kulith), black gram (udid), a variety of beans and some vegetables. However even though one fourth of the population is sustained by agriculture in Goa, it contributes to only 15 to 16 percent to the income of the state. Due to rapid urbanization the availability of agricultural land is reducing. In Goa, shifting cultivation is locally known as Kumeri and it is this form of agriculture that is largely responsible for producing Goas output of nachne, other millets and pulses. However, agriculturally trained farmers, scientists or foresters condemn kumeri cultivation as ecologically damaging and sustained effort have been made by the forest and Agriculture department to discontinue such cultivation. There are basically 5 stages in Kumeri cultivation. Felling an area of forests, fixing the dead vegetation, planting or sowing seeds without the plough, weeding; and eventually harvesting. Though virgin forests give higher yields, kumeri cultivation prefers a secondary forest for cultivation. This is because clearing primary forest is quite an dangerous task, requiring more manpower and demanding a larger drying period for the felled vegetation. In Goa, Kumeri cultivation became a problem for 2 reasons. First, during Portuguese regime, large chunk of hilly areas have been declared a s forests and later by the Goa government thus reducing drastically the Kumeri cycles of the tribals. Secondly forest Department cleared felled forest with in the non-protected areas and converted these to monoculture species of eucalyptus and teak, thereby affecting forest availability to Kumeri cultivation. The elimination of Kumeri cultivation has led to a drastic decline in the availability of millets like nachne which have remained the traditional diet of the economically unprivileged population in Goa. Goa being a small state in area, agricultural land is sometimes used for nonagricultural purposes. Large areas are used to build bus-stands, highways, buildings etc. Being situated in the coastal belt, the real estate industry in Goa has grown much higher during the last few years and the land prices are soaring high, thereby luring the farmers to keep their land fallow and then sell it off for a huge market price. It is also found that the increase in residential area has led t o increased dumping activities which may include mud and rubble. These activities lead to rain water clogging instead of it rushing into the sea. This factor too keeps the farmers from cultivating their lands and they prefer to keep it fallow as improving the drainage can be a very costly affair. Farming in Goa is mainly dependent on the arrival of monsoons. The quality and quantity of cropd by timely required rains . At times the farmers are helpless with the late arrival of monsoons which in turn leads to delayed sowing and thus low yield. At times there is a dry spell which also affects the growth of crops. All this calls for better irrigation facilities. The fact that tourism industry in Goa has flourished, has had its implications on agriculture too. The tourism industry gives more lucrative offers to the present day youth, thus providing them with regular employment. And this aspect leads to the next problem faced by farmers i.e. availability of labour and high labour cost. Wi th the younger generation not wanting to soil their hands in the land and looking out for white collar jobs and green pastures overseas, shortage of labour has led farmers to hire labour from other states. This in turn has increased the cost of farming. The neighbouring states of Goa like Maharashtra and Karnataka have abundant of 4 agricultural activity and thus the agricultural products are low priced. Thus importing these products works out much cheaper than cultivating them. LITERATURE REVIEW According Olekar Ramesh (2008) agriculture has been one of the important part of our economy. There are more than 60% of our people depend upon agriculture for their livelihood. It is a way of life, a tradition; agriculture will continue to be central to all the strategies for socio-economic development of the country. Rapid growth of agriculture will not only ensure continued food security but also aid in growth in industry and the GDP. To maintain growth in agriculture credit plays an important role. The amount of agriculture credit given by the bank to the farmers has increased from over the year. This has been an impressive development in banking credit sector, considering the fact that there are several problems like accessing credit for agriculturist and problem providing loan by the bank. Chand Ramesh et. al (2010) talks about agriculturalproduction and farm income in India involve several risks. One and only mechanism available to safeguard against production risks is crop insurance. For eg.the scheme called as NationalAgriculturalInsuranceScheme(NAIS) operating in the country and has suggested several modifications to make crop insurance more effective. But the coverage of this scheme in terms of crop area, number of farmers and value ofagriculturaloutput is very small.To make agriculture risk management more effective the present level of coverage have to be improved. Such an improvement has financial implication and will have an impact on current insurance practices.Therefore it requires renewed effort on the part of the government in terms of designing appropriate mechanism and providing support in terms of finance.,to agricultural insurance. Kumar and Sameer(2009) focuses on the implementation Kishan Credit Card (KCC)Schemein India.The Government of India consulted with the Reserve Bank of India, and National Bank forAgriculturaland Rural Development to establish KCC. Providing credit support to the farmers through banking system timely and adequately manner is the objective of thescheme. Advantages of thescheme include a full year credit requirement, simplified documentation, and availability of credit for 3 years. Sharma and E. Kumar (2008) reports regarding agriculture related concerns of different Bt cotton farmers those who are not eligible for any benefit under Indias Finance Minister P. Chidambarams Rs. 60,000-crore farm loan waiverscheme. The farmer name Gurram Adi Reddy, hold a view that the real issues behind there non elegibility for any benefit under waver scheme is lack of adequate water power, the timely availability of inputs and fair, remunerative and consistent prices for the produce. Rajkumar P K et. al (2009) talks about of onion and maize growers who have been under Market Intervention Scheme(MIS) in the state of Karnataka by selecting two districts of the state. Dharwad and Gadag. Due to several problems such as procedural complexities the scheme has been delayed payments and the requirement of meeting Fair Average Quality (FAQ) stipulations for the crops. It has also been found that if the procourement centres as farther it is more likely that farmer to go in the open market sale. The study suggest that simplification of procedure making timely payment and increasing the number of procurement centres to cover larger number of farmer under Market Intervenion Scheme This study talk about an important innovation in providing healthcare for the rural poor: the Yeshasvini Health InsuranceSchemefor rural farmers and peasants in Karnataka. This is one of the worlds largest health insuranceschemefor the rural poor, theschemestarted in 2003. So it is designed in a suc h a manner that overcome several obstacles to providing health security for rural populations. In the the second year, the scheme covered about 2.2 million widely dispersed peasant farmers for surgical and out patient care for a low annual premium of approximately US$ 2. According Jana and Sebak Kumar(2011) in India more than 50% are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Still Indian economy are agrarian economy.60% of the rainfed areas without any source of irrigation.And majority of these areas are covered by marginal farmers and rural poor. Due to lack of irrigation facilities small and marginal farmers are are at risk. There is need for sustainable and innovative forms of irrigation. For eg innovative experiment is happa experiment which is viewed as Integrated Natural Resource Management( INRM) emphasizing both water and soil management. According K. N. Rao(2002) inIndia nearly 2/3rd of the population depends onagriculturefor their livelihood andagricultureis highly depend upon nature, crop insurance has to play the role of a vital institution. Crop insurance alone cannot increase productivity or by providing finance both should increase same time .During the VIIth Five-year plan period, the Comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme was introduce. Though the scheme has shortcomings, farmers received nearly 6 times the premium as claims, but only 5% of the total farming community were covered under this scheme. The National Agricultural InsuranceScheme(NAIS), which replaced CCIS w.e.f. 1999 is an improved version. Just like in other parts of the world the crop insurance programs in India is supported and financed by governments. According Jennifer(2009) In1985 crop insurance scheme is started offering by the government of India with the Comprehensive Crop InsuranceScheme.In the recent years NationalAgricultureInsuranceScheme replaced by comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme. Though it is considered NAIS as an improvement over CCIS it is also flawed scheme just as the CCIS.It is found that Government crop insurance scheme have failed worldwide but India seems to have this reality. S.K. Mishra(2007) claims that rice, wheat, maize, millets and pulses are the major food crops of India where as major cash crops include Oilseeds, sugarcane, cotton, jute mesta, and potatoes. Minor cash crops include Tobacco, chillies, ginger, onion, turmeric, tapioca, sweat potatoes, etc. Plantationcrops includetea, coffee and rubber. 3/4th of the gross area under cultivation is cereals and pulses. This clearly shows that there is increaseinthe percentage area under thecashcropsis discernible. Less than 1% area is under Plantation crops. Among the foodcrops, wheat has highest growth rate followed by maize, rice and pulses. Millets having negative growth rate area. J K Sachdeva(2005) talks about cash crop like tea, coffee, spices, oilseeds, cotton and cashew . They are traditional export items, and India exports 50% cash crops of its total agricultural produce. These items are ready for consumption after some value addition. In industries these items are used as raw material in food. The commodities can be ranked highinhierarchy of demands after food items like wheat and rice. The consumer economic status plays a significant roleintheir demand. The paper analyses the exports of tea, coffee, spices, cotton, oilseeds and cashew byIndia, the growth in the exports after the coming of economic reforms, calculates the changes in export and discusses the relationship between exports, imports and production. According to Richa Kumar(2014) that farmers have limited information and many middlemen create problem in getting higher price for their produce . She gives the example of soybean farmersinMalwa, centralIndia, which is acashcropthat connects farmers to global consumers, this article argues that the very expectation of disintermediationinthe soybean supply chain is misleading.Indias positioninthese global networks puts farmers and intermediariesinMalwainthe position of price receivers: they are unable to influence the global price of soybean or manipulate its local priceinany way.Inthis context, providing price information has negligible impact on the final price obtained by farmers. To bring about potential changes there is a need to find out the waysinwhich power is exercised by various actorsinthe marketplace According Gulati, et . al (2002)Riceis the major food crop of almost 70% of the worlds poor who are stayinginAsia, where more than 90% of worldriceproduction and consumption takes place.Ricetrade liberalization therefore has tremendous implications for poverty. The worldricemarket of the world has been imbalanced partly due to intervention. Poor countries such as Thailand, Vietnam, andIndia not protecting à ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ rice sectors, the rich countries of East Asia (Japan and Korea), Europe, and the United States heavily support theirriceproducers. This leads to great diversityindomesticriceprice levels, with very high pricesinthe latter countries and very low pricesinthe former. Trade liberalization would thus resultsinflows from these poorer Asian countries to East Asia and Europe. This will be positive effect on poverty, where price of producer will increase. It will also bring about second-round effects (wages, employment, and investment)inexporting countries. Parshuram Samal Rabinarayan Patra(2012) focuses on production lossesinricedue to natural calamities like drought, flood and cycloneinOdisha during period of(1965-66 to 2008-09) by using secondary data. It also tells the coping strategies adopted byfarmerson the basis of primary data collected from 100 affected samplefarmers. The result show heavy losses in riceproduction in calamity years. To earn additional income and smoothen consumption spending in the calamity years coping strategies used by farmers were Migration and shifting to wage workinthe construction sector. Given the impossibility of preventing the occurrence of natural calamities, it is possible to argue that a greater allocation of funds forriceresearch for developingricevarieties is useful to tackle various calamity situations and generation Sathishka k and P. A.Rego(2013) studied about Agriculture in Dakshina Kannada. This paper studies the major trends of agriculture sector in Dakshina Kannada District and also examines the crop diversification in Dakshina Kannada District. Dakshina Kannada is primary an agriculture district of karnataka state. More or less 60% of population of district depends on agriculture for their livelihood. Dakshina Kannada has replaced food grains with non food grains crops like rubber, areca nuts, cashew nuts. The writer concludes by saying that urban migration of agricultural labor and urbanization led to the diversification. According D. N. Patil (2010) It is now understood that the changes in the institutional credit is important factor to bring about development in the farm sector. This is particularly true in areas which could not participate in the process of development. There is an urgent need to increase the institutional credit in the agriculral credit. Therefore to reduce the regional imbalance, new bank branches should be open in rural areas. Narwade S. S. et.al (2009) studied about agricultural performance in the state of Orrisa during the pre and post reform period . in the pre reform period there was decline in both area and yield growth rates. The analysis reveals that in Orissa an yield per hectare of food grain crops have received severe setback during post reform period over the pre reform period. Output of the food grain crops and instability has also significantly increased during post reform. S. A. Sujatha (2010) studied the problems faced by farmers in the existing farming system. That all the categories of farmers facing scarcity of family labor due to involvements in non farm activities and fragmentation of land. Large number of farmers are dependent on rainfall, they are also faced with problems like lack of transportation and marketing facilities.

Death Of A Salesman :: essays research papers

Death of a Salesman - Willy Charley says something in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman that sums up Willy’s whole life. He asks him, "When the hell are you going to grow up?" Willy’s spends his entire life in an illusion. He sees himself as a great man that is popular and successful. Willy exhibits many childlike qualities. Many of these qualities have an impact on Willy’s family. His two sons Biff and Happy pick up this behavior from their father. He is idealistic, stubborn, and he has a false sense of his importance in the world. Willy is like an impetuous youngster with high ideals and high hopes. Children always have high hopes for their future. They all want to be astronauts or millionaires. Willy always believes he can achieve that kind of success. He never lets go of his wasted life. He dreams of being the man who does all of his business out of his house and dying a rich and successful man. Furthermore, Willy also dreams of moving to Alaska where he could work with his hands and be a real man. Biff and Happy follow in their father’s footsteps in their lofty dreams and unrealistic goals. Biff wastes his life being a thief and a loner; furthermore, Biff, along with happy try to conjure up a crazy idea of putting on a sporting goods exhibition. The problem with Willy is that he never grows up and deals with his obstacles. Willy is also a very stubborn man. He is like a little child that wants to do something their way even though they know that another option would be the wiser choice. Charley practically sets a potential job into Willy’s lap and he refuses it. Willy just was fired and needed a job. He refuses one. Willy is too stubborn to let go of his old job and take a new one. He still believes that he is at the top of his profession. When Willy does not get his way he acts just as a child would. He has tantrums such as when he basically challenged Charley to a fight after he told him to grow up. Biff is also stubborn like his father. He never gives up being a child. He steals and lies. Biff cannot handle being ignored, so he steals a pen. Willy’s childlike stubbornness hampers him throughout his life.

Improve end-of-life care Essay

Advocacy to improve end-of-life care and decision-making for patients over the past twenty-five years has frequently turned to the law as a source of protection and procedural innovation. There has been a deliberate strategy to use the legal system to improve the outcome for patients at the end of life by means of courts of law and congressional hearings. Such efforts have resulted in the formation of legislation and regulation but have produced varying measures of gain as well as some serious limitations. As a result of these efforts a wide array of patients’ rights respecting end-of- life care have been established. These include the right to self-determination and to refuse unwanted life-prolonging interventions. Additionally there are regulations which have established decision-making processes and protocols should patients lose the ability to make decisions for themselves. The right to die is understood as the freedom to make a decision to end one’s life, on one’s own terms, as a result of the desire to allay painful effects of an incurable illness (Angus, 2004). The act of ending one’s life can take various forms, depending on the role the patient, their family and the physician plays in this process (Rosen, 1998). Euthanasia refers to the family member or physician intentionally ending the patient’s life by direct request from the patient. Euthanasia can be active or passive, voluntary or involuntary. In active euthanasia either a physician, a family member or another prescribed person, at the directive of the patient or an authorized representative, administers or withholds some form of procedure that leads to the eventual or immediate death of the patient. Passive euthanasia involves these agents withholding a procedure necessary for the patient’s continued survival. Active euthanasia involves administering either drugs or another treatment that will directly lead to death. Voluntary euthanasia is where the patient makes a direct request for either an active or passive procedure and involuntary euthanasia is when this decision is made by someone besides the patient because the patient is probably incapable of making such a decision. Assisted suicide refers to helping the patient end his or her life. There are numerous advocates and agencies throughout the United States, Canada, Europe and other countries, that either promote or oppose the right to die concept. One group advocates the establishment of clear limitations on the ability of healthcare providers or the state to impose undesired life-prolonging interventions against the wishes of the patient or the patient’s authorized surrogate decision-maker. The strength of this effort lies primarily in the articulation by these advocates of procedures for decision-making that respect patients’ autonomy and anticipate the range of circumstances in which patients would lack decision-making capacity and thus would require tough decisions about end-of-life care to be made for them (Johnson, 1998). In contrast to such articulation of ‘negative rights’, more recent advocates for dying patients have focused on using legal mechanisms such as courts of law and legislative processes to try to establish and articulate rights and responsibilities governing the role of the physician in a patient’s suicide. Instead of asking for patients to be free of unwanted interventions, these efforts have lobbied for legal support for positive assistance at the end-of-life. This assistance involves purposefully bringing an end to life through the use of medical interventions. To date, these efforts have met with mixed success. While physician-assisted suicide has been legalized in the Netherlands, achieving the same results in the United States has been challenging. Thus far only the state of Oregon has managed to make any headway in this regard. They managed to pass the ‘Death with Dignity Act’ which came into effect in 1997 (Public Agenda, 2006). This act gives patients a limited amount of legal right to physician-assisted suicide. Furthermore, the Supreme Court has determined that at this time, there is no constitutional violation if a state’s criminal laws prohibit assisted suicide. At a minimum, however, these efforts have succeeded in arousing public interest and inquiry into the suffering endured by patients and their families when serious or terminal illness becomes unbearably burdensome. This outcome may be more valuable than any articulation of a theoretical legal right. Another category of advocates targets the issue at the level of the health centers that provide care for these patients. They argue that the presence of so many discussions on the provision of suicide assistance is a reflection of the U. S. ’ failure to make proper palliative care readily accessible to those who are suffering. They believe that little has been done to ensure that all dying patients and their families receive competent, compassionate care at the end of life, regardless of the care setting or disease process. Such care does not simply involve being left alone or freedom from the use of machines. Efforts and successes in the legal arena have had more to do with decision protocols and processes, documents and directives, than with the substantive clinical aspects of quality care at the end of life. It is not sufficient to simple have a document that articulates a patient’s wish to refuse life-prolonging interventions. What this group advocates is ensuring that doctors effectively communicate with the patient and compassionately provide each with quality palliative care appropriate to their condition (Waters, 1999). There is a limit to the extent to which the law is turned to as a strategy for improving end-of-life care. While considerable time and effort has been spent over the past few decades ensuring, through the law, that certain things should not be done to patients at the end of life, there has been little focus on what should be done for such patients. In this regard the law has limited utility. The earliest and most enduring efforts involving the law in end-of-life care have focused on defining the limits of government intervention and interference, articulating individual freedoms, and creating processes and protocols to address areas of contention. There are precedents from judicial cases, including the cases of Karen Ann Quinlan in 1976 and Nancy Cruzan in 1990, that clearly establish the right of individual patients to refuse all undesired life-prolonging interventions as well as the clear establishment that the interests of third parties or governments cannot supersede individual rights to limit care at the end of life. Also there are legal guidelines and procedures that enable the treatment wishes of patients to be preserved and respected, even when the patients are no longer capable of articulating them. Finally there has been the creation of legal obligations and responsibilities on the part of care providers and care systems to inform patients of their options in this difficult decision-making process. In many ways, the law has been effectively employed to ensure patients’ liberty and privacy against the encroachments of modern medical technology as they approach the end of their lives. However, it is difficult to determine how successful the law has been in impacting positively the quality of care and decision-making provided to patients at the clinical level (Angus, 2004). Through legal principles and legislation, courts at both the state and federal levels have extensively considered the issue of end-of-life care and decision-making. They have consistently emphasized the right of patients to refuse any and all life-prolonging medical interventions, including ventilators, dialysis, surgery, and artificial nutrition and hydration. This protection is extended where patients are able to personally articulate their wishes or do so through authorized surrogate decision-making mechanisms. With respect to the cases that have thus far been examined through the courts, they have extended the fundamental legal right of patients to generally refuse treatment, providing clarity and creating decision paths in situations of uncertainty. The cases have not, however, completely eliminated debate and apprehension in the clinical arena, where moral ambivalence, medical uncertainty, religious convictions, emotional distress, and outright misunderstanding of the law still obscure the decision-making process in individual circumstances. The issue of ending a patient’s life is complex, no two cases being the same. There are significant implications for the patient involved, their family, physician and the facility providing care at this crucial time in their lives. For many clinicians, patients and their families, decisions about whether to withdraw a feeding tube or turn off a ventilator are still difficult. Such dilemmas cannot be addressed by the law, which can provide a process for decision-making but cannot necessarily guide the involved parties to the ‘right’ decision in a particular circumstance. The difficulty of end-of-life decisions are further compounded by evolving standards of care, continuing debate over what constitutes ‘futile’ care and confusion among clinicians, particularly about ‘what is legal’ (Angus, 2004). Evidently there are limits to what the law can clarify and make concrete when the issues are so complex and confounding. Another challenge has been the limited use of the many advance care-planning mechanisms that have been developed through both judicial and legislative processes. Additionally there has been limited advocacy by healthcare professionals for the use of these mechanisms. Mechanisms such as living wills and healthcare proxies or powers of attorney are intended to empower patients and their surrogates. Through the use of these, patients and their caregivers can consider the complex and problematic area of end-of-life care in a thoughtful and deliberate way, long before the chaos that often accompanies an acute, life-threatening event or the onset of serious illness ensue. While none of these mechanisms is perfect, if used properly and as prescribed in the law, such documents and advance planning could help avoid some of the crises that frequently accompany end-of-life care and decision-making (McDonald, 1999). A growing body of studies documents the myriad of problems and challenges that have surfaced in trying to implement advance care planning in the clinical setting. Some studies reveal physicians’ erroneous beliefs about advance directives and their lack of knowledge about how to employ them in clinical care routines. Other studies highlight the inadequacy of understanding between patients and their care providers about treatment preferences at the end of life, even when patients have previously executed an advance directive. Still other studies reflect that there is uncertainty in the clinical arena concerning who is responsible for initiating and helping to formulate advance care-planning decisions. Of course the variety of issues examined by studies are not exhausted as there still needs to be studies on strategies to increase the number of patients who execute advance directives prior to incapacity given that only a small percentage do so now. Also it remains unclear whether more directives will ultimately lead to better care that is more responsive to patient and family needs.

Abuse in Nursing Homes Essays

Abuse in Nursing Homes Essays Abuse in Nursing Homes Essay Abuse in Nursing Homes Essay Imagine being told every day when or when you can’t eat, there’s a set time for bed and you’re not allowed to leave your home without a family member. What if you were confined to 4 walls and a set of windows and when you needed something you had to wait and ask someone to get or do it for you? What if you were forced to do things you didn’t want to do? What if you were beaten, sexually, and verbally abused for simply saying no or not doing what someone says? How would you feel? What would you do? For thousands of Elderly people in nursing homes, this is their daily routine. Today I will be talking about the 3 most common types of abuse in nursing homes; abuse, mistreatment and neglect. I will show examples of these types of abuse and also ways to prevent and how to report it. The dictionary defines abuse as to treat in a harmful, injurious, or offensive way. There are also 2 different types of abuse; mental and physical abuse. Abuse includes, but it not limited to striking, hitting, kicking, punching, throwing an object, spitting, burning, pulling on a part of a resident’s body, or any form of retaliation for a resident’s behavior. Here are some examples: The next type of abuse is mistreatment. Mistreatment is more appointed towards the nurses in the elderly care facilities. The types of mistreatment elders in nursing homes would come into contact with would be exceeding a resident’s prescribed dosage of medication, using restraints as a form of retaliation rather than being put into place for a safety device, or keeping a resident confined to a closet, locked room or other enclosed area against their will. Although these are looked down upon and are illegal there are some ways that these can be used without being illegal such as; a court authorizes the medication, isolation techniques or restraints must be used or when the treatment is necessary to prevent the resident from engaging in behaviors that may be harmful to them or others. The last and final type of abuse is neglect. Neglect is the failure to provide treatment or services necessary to maintain the health or safety of a resident. Types of neglect are; failure to provide medical, dental, nursing, physical therapy, pharmacy, psychological, speech or other treatments or services, failing to carry out care plans or specific treatments or failing to provide safety measures. One of the most common types of neglect is not answering call bells or bathroom lights, an example of this is; A nursing assistant assists a female resident to a bathroom and tells her to call when she is ready to return to her room. The resident rings the call bell for five minutes and no one comes to answer it. Frustrated, the resident tries to get into her wheelchair by herself, and falls and fractures her hip. Here are some pictures of neglect. Although there are a lot of ways elders can be harmed it is preventable. Reporting abuse, mistreatment, and neglect is one of the easiest things you can do to stop abuse. Everyone can report abuse even your co-workers if you work in a facility. If you report any type of abuse it is anonymous you will not be in any sort of trouble for reporting abuse and you probably will save lives. If you find yourself in a situation where you may harm a resident, walk away. You can also call for help, get some fresh air or organize support groups. you are not alone. In conclusion elderly abuse in nursing homes is a big problem in elder services. I have shown you the 3 most common types of abuse and examples of them. Also I have shown you ways of reporting and dealing with a situation if you think you may harm anyone. Just think, would you want any of your family members looking like this? (Show picture) Then help educate, prevent and report abuse, mistreatment and neglect before this (show picture) happens.

Water Shotage Around the World Essay Example

Water Shotage Around the World Essay Example Water Shotage Around the World Essay Water Shotage Around the World Essay Humans consume water, discard it, poison it and waste it without considering the consequences. Supplying enough water in the right quantity, at the right time and in the right place has always been a concern. All of life depends on water. It is as important to life as air, food and sunlight. For this reason water has always played an important role in civilizations throughout history. People can live for days without food but will not survive for very long without water. The problem with water is that there is the same amount now as there was in pre-historic times and no way to make anymore of it.As the citizens of Chennai have been witnessing over the past few years, the city is still in the grip of an acute water shortage. Two of the rain-fed lakes that meet the citys needs- Poondi and Red hills- have severely depleted storage owing to the failure of the southwest monsoon and the northeast monsoon last year and a third, sholavaram, is dry. Tanker trucks pressed into service by the Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB) and those run by private operators are trying to meet the peoples daily needs, at least partially.The people of chennai get 35 liters of water per capita in the best of times. The poor, the majority of them living in slums, are the worst- affected. They depend entirely on the water supply systems. Groundwater is the citys major water source now; It is drawn mainly from the well-fields in the Araniyar- Kortakaiyar basin and the aquifer between tiruvanmiyur and Muttukadu along the coast of south Chennai. Groundwater extraction is reaching its limits. According to the Central Groundwater Board, 80% of Chennais groundwater has been depleted and any further exploration could lead to salt water ingression.The assured yield from groundwater sources is estimated at 190 million liters per day (mld); of this, 158 mld has been tapped already. During the past century, the World population has tripled, and water use has increased six- fold. These changes have come at great environmental cost: half the wetlands have disappeared during the twentieth century; some rivers dont reach the sea and twenty percent of the freshwater fish are endangered. These environmental consequences also entail social and economic costs.While agriculture uses more and more water every year, to meet the food demands of a growing population, other users are competing for the same water: more people means more energy required and more hydropower. Especially in the western world, industrialization has had serious and often negative effects n water quality; currently global markets move the most polluting industries to the developing countries, usually near cities where population growth and illegal settlements already put a lot of pressure on water resources.In 2020, 60% of the Worlds population will be urban, a concentration that makes urban water infrastructure development an extremely urgent issue. These are but one of the factors influe ncing the worlds water resources, complicated by the fact that they are interlinked, and cant be approached separately. The projections are grim: around the world over the next twenty years, the average supply of water per person is expected to drop by a third and it already is in short supply.The United States projects that by the middle of the next century, at least two billion people in sixty countries- depending on factors such as population growth and climate change – will be seriously short of water. In the meantime, the water quality will worsen due to pollution and rising temperatures. Growing populations, wastage of water, inefficient irrigation and pollution exert pressure on this resource. Pollution and wastage are the primary threats to this resource, both of which we as human beings are responsible for.Water shortage and degradation is a growing concern for many countries including the United States. Drinking water protection is a big responsibility that involves government, business and individuals. Everyone has an important role in trying to protect the supply of water. Water is a vital necessity that all people need in order to survive. Without water, people could only go a few days to a few months before having serious health problems or even death. One of the major concerns regarding water is if there will be enough water for the demand within the next 25 to 50 years.With the help of agencies, scientists and experts, we as people may see that there will be a shortage of water in the years to come. Today in the world the leading cause of the water shortage is the rising demand for water for the industries and agriculture (George, 1). On the earth today there is no more freshwater than there was 2,000 years ago. Then the population was 3% of what it is today (Knight, 1). In 31 countries around the world that contains near a half a billion people face water shortage with the most severe being in the Middle East and Africa.By the year 2025 it is estimated that another 17 countries will be added to that list. Some researchers believe that also be the year 2025, 35% or 2. 8 billion people will face shortage. There are different reasons and causes of what continues to cause a shortage of water. Some of the water is being contaminated with pollutants. Agriculture is the biggest polluter in which the pollutants come from the fertilizers and pesticides used on the crops. The industries and municipal pollutions are also a factor. In some countries 90 to 9

What Is the SAT Adversity Score What Does It Mean for You

What Is the SAT Adversity Score What Does It Mean for You SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Last Thursday, the College Board announced via the Wall Street Journal that it has been testing out a project where, along with students' SAT scores, colleges see each student's "Overall Disadvantage Level," or their "adversity score." In this article, we'll go over what we know so far about the adversity score and how it might affect college admissions. We'll also give some tips on how to limit what information about you the College Board can use to calculate your adversity score. We'll keep this article updated as new information comes out on the adversity score, so be sure to check back periodically. What Is the SAT Adversity Score? The SAT adversity score, also known as a student's Overall Disadvantage Level, is a number that the College Board calculates from information it has about different aspects of an SAT test taker's life about the disadvantages they've faced.This score is visible to colleges and institutional score report recipients only; if you're a test-taker and you look at your SAT scores in your College Board account, you won't see this information. The College Board states that the adversity score is on a scale of 1 to 100, with 100 denoting test takers with the least amount of hardship and 0 the test takers with the most amount of hardship. Just what information goes into the adversity score calculation, though? The Wall Street Journal initially listed 12 factors that were used to determine a test taker's "adversity index." Further elaboration about how this adversity score is shared with colleges can be seen in the screenshot posted by the College Board: In the above image, you can see that the "Overall Disadvantage Level" (aka the adversity score) appears as part of an "Environmental Context" report, which is just one of several reports shown on the dashboard through which colleges view test takers' scores in context. From this screenshot, it's also possible to see that the "Disadvantage Level" calculated by the College Board draws from data in broad categories like college attendance, family stability, median family income, housing stability, education level, and crime, for both the applicant's high school and neighborhood. The only information on the Environmental Context Dashboard based on information about test-takers as invididuals is their SAT score. As per the College Board, the Environmental Context Dashboard (including adversity scores) was first used in a pilot study of 50 schools 2018-2019, with expansion to 150 schools planned for Fall 2019 and a more widespread release in the following year. Specific schools named as having had access to the adversity score for this past year's admission cycle include Florida State University, University of Michigan, Trinity, and Yale. How the SAT Adversity Score Is Calculated In contrast to the initial reporting from the Wall Street Journal, the adversity score does not take things like whether test-takers are English Language Learners or have differing AP opportunities into account. The following information is included on the Environmental Context Dashboard but is not actually used to calculate a student's "Overall Disadvantage Level" (aka adversity score). SAT Score in High School Context Applicant's SAT score compared to the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile scores from their high school* High School General Information Senior class size Free/reduced-price lunch rate Rural/urban Average SAT score of colleges students from that high school attend* %age of seniors taking an AP Exam* Average number of AP Exam taken* Average AP score from that high school* Number of unique AP exams administered at that high school* Instead, the adversity score is calculated using the following 31 publicly-available data points on test-takers' neighborhoods and high school environments*: Income and Family Structure median family income poverty rate % of families with children in poverty % of families that are single-parent families with children % of families that are single-parent families with children in poverty % of households with food stamps Housing % of housing units that are rental % of housing units that are vacant what % of income rent is Educational Attainment % of adults with less than a 4-year college degree % of adults with less than a high school diploma % of adults with agriculture jobs % of adults with nonprofessional jobs % unemployed college-going behavior Probability of being a victim of a crime (neighborhood-level only) *As of this article's publication, it's not entirely clear how the College Board is calculating things like "percentage of housing units that are vacant" for test-takers' high school environments (since in general, teachers do not actually live in schools). We'll update with more information as it becomes available. Why Did the College Board Create the Adversity Score? Based on quotes from the College Board's CEO David Coleman, it's clear that the main reason for this score is that the College Board is trying to show that the effort and "resourcefulness" needed to get a certain score differs drastically between test takers, depending on certain advantages or disadvantages the test taker starts out with. This is not the first time the College Board or the SAT's creator ETS has tried to contextualize SAT scores for colleges. According to the Wall Street Journal, one attempt to do this happened in the early 1990s, when Winton Manning (an ETS researcher) worked on creating a modified SAT score that took "background factors" into account called the Measure of Academic Talent. Far more extreme a change than the current adversity score, the MAT ended up being scrapped ostensibly due to lack of resources. In 1999, the ETS decided to take another crack at giving colleges more information about how SAT scores should be weighed. Through the Wall Street Journal, ETS announced that it was creating a program called Strivers, which would identify students whose actual SAT score exceeded their expected SAT score by 200 points or more as strivers. This expected SAT score was calculated using "14 different categories, including family income, parents' education level and high-school socioeconomic mix" (Wall Street Journal). (Sound familiar?) After public outcry, ETS decided not to go forward with the Strivers program in 1999. Archival footage of ETS circa 1999 before they announced the Strivers program. In 2019, it's not entirely surprising that the College Board is yet again trying out the idea that they should give more information to colleges about SAT test takers than just a single test score. As more and more colleges are becoming test-optional or test-flexible and events like the recent college admissions scandal and the more regular SAT/ACT cheating scandals continue to occur, it makes sense that the College Board would want to give colleges a reason to continue using the SAT as part of college admissions. While the information that the College Board is using to calculate the adversity scores for students is available to colleges anyway, being able to use a single score to compare students will save schools a lot of work; it's part of the logic behind using standardized test scores in the first place, after all. Or to look at it from a more optimistic point of view, the new adversity score will make it easier for colleges to identify students whose got the score against the odds, rather than with them. Now that we've discussed some of the general reasons why the College Board might have decided to implement the adversity score, we're going to move on to going over specific positive and negative aspects of the program. Pros of the SAT Adversity Score Although it's easy to dismiss as pointless or silly, the SAT adversity score does have some positive features. #1: It's a Sign the College Board Is Trying In recent years, the College Board has taken substantial steps towards trying to level the SAT prep playing field. By providing the entire Official Guide to the SAT, including eight official practice tests, for free on CollegeBoard.org, the College Board instantly became more accessible to test takers around the world of varying income levels. College Board's partnership with Khan Academy is another step in the direction of removing economic barriers from SAT prep (even if some aspects of the partnership means that relying on Khan Academy alone to prep won't necessarily be enough for everyone). As positive as they are, though, none of these measures so far have resulted in eliminating the gap between students of different races, income level, and parents' education level. So the fact that the College Board is seeking to account for this difference by giving test takers an explicit score that says "oh, this is why there might be that difference" could be seen as another attempt to get rid of SAT score gaps. #2: More Data = More Robustness The College Board regularly releases data on how certain factors like race and household income can affect SAT scores, even controlling for other factors. However, these reports don't really get into more complicated effects of how multiple factors interact (e.g. gender, household income, and highest level of parental education achieved), likely because it is difficult to explain these interactions and because the effects might not reach statistical significance. For the adversity score, however, statistical significance is not really relevant. Rather than having to justify why the 31 factors used in the adversity score have a significant effect on SAT scores, the College Board is just calculating the adversity score and handing it to colleges with a "Here, this is the Overall Disadvantage Level of the test taker." The colleges can then decide whether or not that's a metric worth considering, which brings me to the next pro of the adversity score. #3: It's Not Mandatory for Colleges to Consider Just because the College Board provides this data to colleges doesn't mean that admissions officers have to take it into account. In contrast to the proposed early '90s MAT, the adversity score will not actually change an applicant's SAT score. Colleges who want to build more economically diverse classes can use applicants' adversity scores to inform their admissions policies, while colleges who place less importance on this can choose to ignore it. #4: It Doesn't Explicitly Use Race as a Factor Unlike the previous "Strivers" program, which worked best when race was used as a factor, the current SAT adversity score skirts using race as an explicit factor in its calculations. Many of the factors used have traditionally been strongly correlated with race when it comes to SAT performance, so the adversity score still captures some of that discrepancy, even though race itself is omitted. Why is the College Board using this roundabout approach to try to account for SAT performance differences between test takers of different races? The recent Wall Street Journal article makes the insightful observation that this may help schools maintain diversity if even the appearance of race-based affirmative action is outlawed. Since the adversity score is calculated by the College Board, a third party, and the schools (presumably) don't know exactly what weight is given to various factors, only that race isn't one of them, then they may have a better chance at keeping the right to use the adversity score as a way to create diversity in their incoming classes. Because of this, we've landed on the side of the adversity score not including race being a marginally positive factor, but we'll have to see how things play out. Cons of the SAT Adversity Score Despite the positive aspects of the adversity score, we have some concerns about how this new feature will affect testing and admissions. #1: It Doesn't Actually Close the Score Gaps While it's admirable that the College Board is willing to publicly acknowledge that there are score differences between students from different backgrounds, and that it's harder for some students to get to a certain SAT score than for others, the adversity score doesn't actually change any of this. Imagine that you're talking to a teacher about how you've noticed that there is one female composer on the syllabus for a music survey class, and your teacher responds by giving you background into why it was harder for women to make their livings as composers or publicly assert they were composers, particularly if they were women of color. Yes, it's helpful to have that background to contextualize why fewer female composers are widely known, but that still doesn't change the fact that you're only listening to music by men. And don't get me started on Amy Beach Mrs. H. H. A. Beach. #2: None of This Is New Information The data going into the adversity score calculations is data that colleges can access from the public domain anyway. In compiling the data necessary to calculate the adversity score for each test taker and then presenting schools with those numbers, the College Board is essentially doing a huge amount of labor for free for schools. I discussed earlier in this article that a possible motivation for the College Board doing this free labor is to give schools a reason to keep using the SAT as part of college admissions. The fact that the College Board is doing admissions offices' jobs for them with this adversity score does not directly harm test takers and applicants. However, it does indirectly mean that the College Board is spending more of its resources trawling through data to give colleges information they have already and less resources on improving the SAT and making actual progress on eliminating score gaps. #3: It Will Increase Anxiety Among Test Takers and College Applicants It's not surprising that the College Board has so far declined to explain exactly how they calculate each student's adversity score; there's really no advantage to them doing so. The opacity of the whole adversity score program, however, from students not knowing it was going on at all last year or what schools were/are using it to students not being able to see it or know how it was calculated, is likely to increase anxiety and stress levels among SAT test takers and college applicants using SAT scores. We'll update this if and when more information comes out, because some of the categories listed are so broadly named ("college-attending behavior," I'm looking at you) that it's hard to know what they mean. And, speaking as a former high schooler, knowing that there's yet another part of the college admissions process that you can't control, can't see, but affects your admission would have driven me even further up the wall. #4: There's a Disproportionate Effect on Domestic Applicants Something the College Board didn't really address in any of its public statements through news organizations is how the new adversity score is going to be more easily calculated for US test takers than for international test takers. All of the data used to calculate the adversity score come from public records. And although some countries may have this information published freely in easily accessible formats, it's not a stretch to imagine that it's going to be a lot easier to gather things like housing values and vacancy rates for students who live in the United States. If schools are aware of this discrepancy and are specifically looking to increase their diversity when it comes to test takers in the US with certain adversity scores, fine. But it's inevitable that this is going to lead to some US applicants feeling like international applicants are getting a leg up in this regard. #5: Factors Are Still Too Broad Even though the adversity score takes 31 factors into account, some of these factors are still relatively broad or limited. Take a factor like "college-going behavior." Does this refer to the percentage of people in the neighborhood/parents who went to a 2-year college/some college but dropped out/any college at all? (If so, that's a double factoring of "% not attending a 4-year college" into the adversity score.) Whether people attended public or private schools? What degree you earned? What the average college-going rate is for parents of students at your school? In your county? State? Country? I realize that it's impossible for the College Board to get really granular with all of these factors, particularly since they're relying on publicly-available data, but that's why college admissions offices look at specific information about things like parent education level, rather than a score that aggregates that along with other information. What Does the New Adversity Score Mean for Your Admissions Chances? Because the fact that there is an adversity score is still relatively fresh, it's possible there may be changes to how the adversity score is used by schools or if the College Board continues with this program (since it's still being tested on a relatively small sample of schools). The best evidence of how the adversity score might affect your chances comes from the two schools discussed in the Wall Street Journal article, Yale and FSU. The dean of undergraduate admissions at Yale was quoted about how the adversity score was a positive influence in building a freshman class with more diversity. In the article, it was also noted that the assistant vice president for academic affairs at FSU stated "SAT adversity scores helped boost nonwhite enrollment in the incoming freshman class." If you use your SAT Essay-analytical skills, you'll notice that the Yale and FSU representatives are pretty vague about the affect the adversity score has had (e.g. "boost nonwhite enrollment" could mean either that nonwhite enrollment doubled or that one more nonwhite student enrolled). Still, based on this admittedly small sample size, the clear commonality is that the adversity score is being used by colleges who have access to it to increase diversity in admissions to some extent. This is unsurprising- it's hard to imagine what else schools would admit to using the adversity score for. If you're a test taker who could reasonably assume you'd have a low adversity score (two-parent household in a wealthy neighborhood with lots of parents with jobs involving post-graduate degrees), then it is possible your chances of admission may be negatively affected by the adversity score (assuming the schools you apply to are one of the 150 schools the College Board plans to have this program rolled out to in the fall). The provocative quote from the assistant vice president for academic affairs at FSU with which the Wall Street Journal chose to end its article puts it this way: "If I am going to make room for more of the [poor and minority] students we want to admit and I have a finite number of spaces, then someone has to suffer and that will be privileged kids on the bubble." (Wall Street Journal). Granted that the Wall Street Journal literally has "Wall Street" in its name and its own motivations for choosing the quotes it did to publish, the FSU representative isn't necessarily wrong (and presumably would know for his own school, at the very least). If a school you're applying to uses the adversity score and you're a middle-of-the-road applicant with few disadvantages, it might not be as easy as it was previously to get into some of the colleges you want to get into. One of the pieces of anecdotal feedback the College Board reports in its post about the adversity score tends to back up this assumption: "For some admissions offices, the tool was most useful for borderline acceptances and students who went to committee. For others, it was valuable for students from nonfeeder high schools and areas they are less familiar with." (bolding mine) So it's likely that the effect of the adversity score will be most felt by applicants who were already on the edge of acceptance/rejection for schools. If there are two applicants who have the same SAT score, have borderline GPAs, letters of recommendation, and personal statements, it's conceivable that colleges who see and use the adversity score would some of the time choose the applicant with the higher adversity score. But as you can tell from our qualifying and italicizing throughout this article, it's not a certainty. One final point about the adversity score is that college admissions is not actually a zero-sum game. Yes, each school has a target number of students that they want to admit, but they're not going to reject you because they're one over their quota of admitted students with overall levels of disadvantage. The adversity score as a way to attempt to recognize the achievements of students who had to overcome certain disadvantages does not nullify the achievements of students who didn't. Recap: Understanding the SAT Adversity Score We know this is kind of a long article, so here's a quick rundown of some of the main takeaways: The College Board is trying out giving some schools an adversity score for individual test takers, which is supposed to indicate how the test taker's "Overall Disadvantage Level" compares to the average test taker. The adversity score uses information about test-takers' neighborhood and high school environments, but does not use any information specific to any individual test-taker The College Board may be doing this to try to account for the score gap between students with different backgrounds or to try to make sure colleges don't do away with standardized testing as part of admissions (or a combination of the two). The factors used to calculate the adversity score include some traditionally associated with race, but do not explicitly include race. The existence of an adversity score could be good because it shows the College Board is at least making some attempt to ameliorate score gap issues, draws from different factors that it was previously hard to account for, and isn't mandatory for colleges to consider. The existence of an adversity score isn't great because it doesn't actually fix the score gap problem, doesn't actually provide new information, is likely to increase anxiety among test takers and college applicants, will disproportionately affect domestic test takers, and still relies on some undefined categories of data for calculation. The people most affected by this will likely be students on the cusp of admittance, where having a high adversity score might tip the scales in favor of one applicant over another. As a final take away, we want to stress that admissions is not going to necessarily be "easier" for applicants with higher adversity scores than it is for students with lower ones. The College Board just wants colleges to take into account that it was likely harder for a students with high adversity scores to get the scores they did on the SAT than for students with the same SAT score but lower adversity scores. We expect to see more in the news about the new adversity score in the weeks and month to come, so stay tuned for updates to this article. Us to the College Board right now. What's Next? Interested in reading about more standardized testing shenanigans? Check out our articles on the Harvard race-based discrimination lawsuit and past SAT/ACT cheating scandals. What does it take to be an outstanding applicant, adversity aside? Learn how to get into the most elite universities in the US with PrepScholar co-founder Allen Cheng's guide on Harvard and the Ivy League. You don't get to see the adversity score, but your SAT score report does show you lots of other interesting information. Find out what you can learn from your score report here. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Global Business Cultural Analysis Research Paper

Global Business Cultural Analysis - Research Paper Example The history of Singapore is very remarkable, the nation gained independence on 9th August 1965, following its succession from Malaysia. Soon after withdrawing from Malaysia, the fledging nation of Singapore had to face tremendous economic problems. The Buddhist country fought years in order to eliminate mass employment and to achieve economic stability. To make matters worse, the newly independent country had to face ingrained problems such as scarcity of houses, land and natural resources such as petroleum. The establishment of World Trade Organization has ensured economic globalization. To cope and stay abreast in this era of globalization, Singapore has drawn up an extensive legal framework for its economic policies. September 11th events changed the world and since then Singapore has face terrorists threats posed by the Southeast Asian militant Islamic organization known as Jemaah Islamiyah, mostly abbreviated as JI. Singapore is a Southeast Asian island country, consisting of 63 islands accounting for a total land area of 712.4 sq.km. On the north of Singapore is the Straits of Johor which separates it from Malaysia and the island country is separated on the southern side from Indonesia by the Singapore Strait. Singapore is a highly urbanized country, which faces serious problems posed by land scarcity. According to June 2010 census, Singapore has an approximate population of over 5.077 million, including both permanent residents and foreign workers residing in the country. Singapore has an annual population growth rate of 1.8% accounting for both permanent residents and foreign workers. While the annual population growth rate of only permanent Singaporean residents and citizens is 1%. The inc rease in population is the major reason for posing problems such as unemployment and land scarcity to house more people. The country has a lowland terrain and has a tropical climate. Singapore

Black Power Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Black Power Movement - Essay Example It is not possible to comprehend the reason for the formation of the BPP or attempt to explain its violent tendencies without first examining the Civil Rights movement of the 1950’s and 1960’s and the specific events leading up to its establishment. This discussion will give a brief synopsis of those historic events and the people that laid the foundation for the forming of the BPP; provide an overview of the party and then delve more deeply into the inner-workings of the organization. Malcolm X (Little) became a powerful speaker in the movement and became more important to the cause by his death than he was in life. As Martin Luther King had secured the character of the Southern black, Malcolm had become the messiah of city slums in the North, Midwest and West. The semi-militant organization he headed, the Nation, grew quickly under his leadership. Malcolm was most remembered for his passionate anti-white speeches. This was an idea that was emulated by other pro-autono my organizations. He was the target of many death threats, one of which, in 1965, was successful. Soon after Malcolm’s death, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale began forming the Black Panthers (Black Panther Party, 2011). The South was the epicenter for the civil rights movement but racial problems had no regional boundaries. As blacks in the south were working to eradicate segregation, blacks in places such as Chicago, Detroit and Oakland were engaged in their own fight for equal treatment. By the mid-1960’s hostility between Oakland’s black community and the police, a long and ever escalating problem, had reached its apex. Because blacks, being seemingly constantly under an increasing intimidation by the police, Newton and Seale founded the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense in October 1966. The pair had been intensely influenced by the teachings of Malcolm X and structured the organization similar to the Black Muslim program except with no pretenses of religious practice. In contrast to Martin Luther King’s methods and teachings of nonviolent protest, the BPP claimed that they needed to equip themselves with weapons for use as self-defense against police brutality. Arming the group did provide the intended protection but, predictably, led to confrontations with the police that often times concluded with a bloody altercation. The Panthers also volunteered their time and efforts performing various activities that helped people in the community. The group made the rounds throughout neighborhoods in Oakland carrying arms, recorders, and various books so as to teach black history, counsel welfare recipients, and effectively protest rent evictions through the court system. The Panthers could be easily distinguished by their uniform dress of black jackets, pants and berets with blue shirts (Jones, 2000). In 1967, Eldridge Cleaver joined the Black Panther Party. At the time, Cleaver was working as a writer for Ramparts magazine and was the c reator of Black House, a political organization in San Francisco. â€Å"Cleaver served as the Panthers’ minister of information. In this position he was in charge of the publication of the Black Panther newspaper. On April 25, 1967, the first issue of the paper was published and

Classic Hollywood Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Classic Hollywood Cinema - Essay Example Although many of the films made during this period, emulated the cinematic practices of Classic Hollywood cinema, certain films also defied these conventions. Quite interestingly some films did both, that is, they emulated the conventions of the Classic Hollywood cinema in certain aspects, and then in other aspects defied those conventions. One of the well known film, which was made during this period, and which did this both this emulation as well as defying of Classic Hollywood cinema’s conventions is Citizen Kane. This paper will analyse how Citizen Kane or its director or scriptwriter through various scenes and scene making aspects followed as well as maximally defied Classical Hollywood cinema Citizen Kane, an American drama released in 1941, was scripted (along with Herman J. Mankiewicz), directed by as well as starred by Orson Welles. It was Welles first feature film and earned Academy Awards nominations in nine categories, wining for the Best Original Screenplay for Mankiewicz and Welles. It is regarded as one of the greatest films ever made; topping many Top films’ list including American Film Institutes 100 Years†¦100 Movies list as well as the Sight & Sound polls. The story is about the life and legacy of a millionaire newspaper tycoon, with the story told in the flashback. A group of reporters try deciphering the last word spoken by Charles Foster Kane, the newspaper tycoon: â€Å"Rosebud.† The film begins with a news reel detailing Kanes life for the masses, and then from there, we are shown flashbacks from Kanes life. As the reporters investigate further, the viewers see a display of a fascinating mans rise to fame, and how he eventually fell o ff the "top of the world." (imdb.com). Classical Hollywood cinema or Classical Hollywood narrative is the term given to the films with a distinct visual and sound style, made on the principle or basis of continuity editing, so that there is an "invisible" style. However, the key distinct style of

Landfill, Civilization, Disposability, Material Culture, Essay - 1

Landfill, Civilization, Disposability, Material Culture, - Essay Example 1 Production of disposable materials is a key concept in waste management. Common waste management practices include decreasing overall waste production, production of disposable materials, use of landfill and recycling. However, use of disposable materials as means of managing waste products has received much criticism from environmentalists.2 For example, recycling of disposable glass bottles, needles and syringes is responsible for spreading HIV, Hepatitis and other viral diseases. In addition to this, production of disposable material has led to dirtying the environment s such material take time to decompose. In addition to this, as the material decompose; they harbor bacteria and other organisms which cause diseases such as cholera. Lastly, disposable materials encourage users to be irresponsible as they throw waste material anywhere hoping it will decompose.3 It is therefore pointless for individuals to rely on disposable products. Instead, they should rely on recyclable materials. For example, shoppers can carry their goods in reusable bags rather than disposable plastic bags. Similarly, hand towels as well as other disposables should be replaced with cloth towel or hand

Pharmacy Application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pharmacy Application - Essay Example It made me wish that I could do something for the people I left behind in Vietnam or at least do something to honor their memory. Some time in 2010, I decided that in order to feel better about my good fortune, of having come to the land of plenty, I needed to give back to the community in memory of those ill people I left in Vietnam. My search for relevant part-time work led me to the Oak Park Regional Medical Center. For more than a year, I did assistant work in the Critical Care Unit Dentistry Department where part of my duties included assisting the dentists with paperwork, sterilizing their tools, filling water pitchers, cleaning out shelves and restocking supplies. While I was working there, I began to observe that the patients who were being treated also had the same complaints as the ones in Vietnam, the medicines were too expensive. But somehow they managed to afford it. I wondered if this case was the same everywhere in America. Then in 2012, I found myself fulfilling my dream of honoring the memory of my countrymen by volunteering at the Shawnee Medical Mission Center. This was the first time that I was exposed to the world of Pharmacy. Here I was tasked to do my part at the In-Patient Pharmacy. My duties here were more important than those that I did at the medical center. I was personally in charge of checking and removing outdated medicines form the supply shelves, as well as labeling medicines. I felt like I was in my element as I did my job there. It felt like the perfect fit for me. So I began to consider a career in Pharmacy. While I was contemplating this idea, I learned that my relative in Vietnam had developed a degenerative nerve disease and she could not afford her medication which only cost $.50 Vietnam cents. She died soon after her diagnosis because they could not afford to medicine. This was the catalyst that I was looking for. My relatives death pushed me to enroll in

Should Dolphins be Considered Persons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Should Dolphins be Considered Persons - Essay Example Personhood is connected with a variety of theoretical issues with the most significant being that persons get better treatment that nonpersons. Although the terms human and person are used interchangeably as synonyms on a daily basis, the two words have a different meaning form a philosophical perspective.The word human is a scientific concept with reference to members of the biological category Homo sapiens. On the other hand, the word person refers to a combination of complex traits by which we define intelligence, self-consciousness and freewill (White 2007).According to recent research by scientists, dolphins have proven to possess sophisticated nervous systems, as well as a high level of intellectual and emotional ability. This characteristic of the dolphins makes it unethical for human beings to cause them pain and use these creatures for a convenience whereas, there is another way to achieve the same result. Diana Reiss, who is a marine scientist, has defined dolphins as †Å"alien intelligence.† Diana Reiss asserts that the dolphin species are perfect model for assisting humanity to formulate ways of describing and comprehending the intelligence of non-human species. Anthropocentrism has led humans to be subject to bias quintessentially while investigating other species.Dolphins have the most similarities with human beings than any other species. Firstly, dolphins are mammals that bear their off springs alive, take care of them by feeding them via their mammary glands, and they are warm-blooded and have hair. Physically, the dolphins resemble human beings to some extent especially the eyes, mouth and teeth. Although dolphins are aquatic inhabitants, they are engaging and share fundamental traits with human beings (White 2007). The behavior of dolphins shows they are intelligent animals with distinct personalities and self-sense. Diana Reiss, a marine scientist, showed that dolphins could recognize themselves on a mirror reflection and utilize it to inspect other body parts, as well. This ability has since the past been thought to be limited only to human beings. In addition, Diana Reiss found out that captive dolphins possessed the ability to learn an elementary language based on symbols. Some research has shown that dolphins are capable and do solve difficult problems. Dolphins in a wild environment show co-operation in various ways that involve multifaceted structures and a high level of emotional sophistication (White 2007). Dolphins perform fascinating well-organized movement that indicates a high level of intellect. They lead above the water surface in acrobatic figures. Although several researches have been conduct with respect to the movement of dolphins, scientists are not yet sure what the motive of their acrobatic movement is. Scientists have assumed that the movement maybe meant to locate fellow species by looking at above water waves. Communication could be another likely reason for their acrobatic movement to merge them together for hunting or dislodging parasites. Play is a vitalS characteristic of the dolphins, and they are spotted harassing other creatures such as seabirds and turtles in some instances. On frequent occasions, dolphins accompany boats and ride bow waves. Dolphins are interactive in nature as observed in their willingness to approach humans on several occasions and play with them in water. There have been reports of incidents where dolphins have provided protection to swimmers against sharks by swimming circles around them. This characteristic reveals the high intellectual capacity of the dolphins. The dolphins also communicate among themselves by use of clicks,

Landfill, Civilization, Disposability, Material Culture, Essay - 1

Landfill, Civilization, Disposability, Material Culture, - Essay Example 1 Production of disposable materials is a key concept in waste management. Common waste management practices include decreasing overall waste production, production of disposable materials, use of landfill and recycling. However, use of disposable materials as means of managing waste products has received much criticism from environmentalists.2 For example, recycling of disposable glass bottles, needles and syringes is responsible for spreading HIV, Hepatitis and other viral diseases. In addition to this, production of disposable material has led to dirtying the environment s such material take time to decompose. In addition to this, as the material decompose; they harbor bacteria and other organisms which cause diseases such as cholera. Lastly, disposable materials encourage users to be irresponsible as they throw waste material anywhere hoping it will decompose.3 It is therefore pointless for individuals to rely on disposable products. Instead, they should rely on recyclable materials. For example, shoppers can carry their goods in reusable bags rather than disposable plastic bags. Similarly, hand towels as well as other disposables should be replaced with cloth towel or hand

Should Dolphins be Considered Persons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Should Dolphins be Considered Persons - Essay Example Personhood is connected with a variety of theoretical issues with the most significant being that persons get better treatment that nonpersons. Although the terms human and person are used interchangeably as synonyms on a daily basis, the two words have a different meaning form a philosophical perspective.The word human is a scientific concept with reference to members of the biological category Homo sapiens. On the other hand, the word person refers to a combination of complex traits by which we define intelligence, self-consciousness and freewill (White 2007).According to recent research by scientists, dolphins have proven to possess sophisticated nervous systems, as well as a high level of intellectual and emotional ability. This characteristic of the dolphins makes it unethical for human beings to cause them pain and use these creatures for a convenience whereas, there is another way to achieve the same result. Diana Reiss, who is a marine scientist, has defined dolphins as †Å"alien intelligence.† Diana Reiss asserts that the dolphin species are perfect model for assisting humanity to formulate ways of describing and comprehending the intelligence of non-human species. Anthropocentrism has led humans to be subject to bias quintessentially while investigating other species.Dolphins have the most similarities with human beings than any other species. Firstly, dolphins are mammals that bear their off springs alive, take care of them by feeding them via their mammary glands, and they are warm-blooded and have hair. Physically, the dolphins resemble human beings to some extent especially the eyes, mouth and teeth. Although dolphins are aquatic inhabitants, they are engaging and share fundamental traits with human beings (White 2007). The behavior of dolphins shows they are intelligent animals with distinct personalities and self-sense. Diana Reiss, a marine scientist, showed that dolphins could recognize themselves on a mirror reflection and utilize it to inspect other body parts, as well. This ability has since the past been thought to be limited only to human beings. In addition, Diana Reiss found out that captive dolphins possessed the ability to learn an elementary language based on symbols. Some research has shown that dolphins are capable and do solve difficult problems. Dolphins in a wild environment show co-operation in various ways that involve multifaceted structures and a high level of emotional sophistication (White 2007). Dolphins perform fascinating well-organized movement that indicates a high level of intellect. They lead above the water surface in acrobatic figures. Although several researches have been conduct with respect to the movement of dolphins, scientists are not yet sure what the motive of their acrobatic movement is. Scientists have assumed that the movement maybe meant to locate fellow species by looking at above water waves. Communication could be another likely reason for their acrobatic movement to merge them together for hunting or dislodging parasites. Play is a vitalS characteristic of the dolphins, and they are spotted harassing other creatures such as seabirds and turtles in some instances. On frequent occasions, dolphins accompany boats and ride bow waves. Dolphins are interactive in nature as observed in their willingness to approach humans on several occasions and play with them in water. There have been reports of incidents where dolphins have provided protection to swimmers against sharks by swimming circles around them. This characteristic reveals the high intellectual capacity of the dolphins. The dolphins also communicate among themselves by use of clicks,

Thin Lines between Histories Essay Example for Free

Thin Lines between Histories Essay The connection—history and culture between Africans and Americans can be traced way back in ancient history (Duignan and Lewis xiii). No event linked these two groups—Africans and Americansand Australian natives or the Aboriginal people until the European expansion beginning in the 15th century. In a history review â€Å"Aboriginal Australians,† Nicolas Peterson states that, changes in native-Australian-living began in 17th century. Apparently, customary relationship between Africans and Americans and later the Afro-American, was established in the same event—European occupation. The article â€Å"Aboriginal Australians† reviewed by Nicolas Peterson, claims that, the Aborigines or Aboriginal people were the indigenous occupants of Australia. For at least 50,000 years they have lived and have inhabited every region of Australia. Following their accustomed practice, this tribe lived as hunters and gatherers in the vast lands of Australia. The word Aboriginal is a collective term for indigenous tribes of various cultures. Researches claim that, Aboriginal people also inhabited North America, particularly in Canada which was recognized as parcel of Indians, Metis and Inuit with unique traditional practices, and spiritual beliefs. Native Americans, also known as American Indians, Indians, and native peoples were indigenous peoplefirst people. of North America, as the writing entitled â€Å"American Indians† suggests. They had lived throughout the continent for thousands of years before the European exploration. They built houses and excelled in utilizing the resources around them. On the other hand, African Americans, the Afro-Americans or the American Blacks or Black Americans, whose ancestors are from the West Africa, were considered as a racial group in the United States. Though, they also claimed the European, Native American and Asian ancestry (Duignan and Lewis 6). The two thin lines connecting these tribes lie in the episode of history in the 15th and 17th century. First, the occupation of the Europeans in Australia, Africa and America marked the beginning of the histories of the said three continents; second, while the expedition of the Europeans transcended, Aboriginal history and that of Native and Afro-American history were meeting in the same grounds—declining population and diminishing culture and tradition. In the 15th century, European settlers and explorers began to arrive in the Americas, bringing with them a mass number of Africans, beginning in 1619 from the West Africa, as slaves in farms and European industries, based on â€Å"American Indians†. European wars—natives fighting for their lands and diseases depreciated Native American population. Native Americans learned to work with Europeans by abandoning some of their traditions and adopting new technologies. Duignan and Lewis agree that, slave trade became America’s first link to Africa. Slavery existed in large scale—as the demand for slaves increases, the number of Africans in America also increases intensely and so the Afro-American population. African Americans provided most of the labor for the Europeans. Most of the Africans—who became slaveswere employed to subsistence farming and raising livestock. Their natural abilities both in industries and agricultural fields gave them an advantage as laborers of Americas (6). In 1788, as Nicolas Peterson argues in â€Å"Aboriginal Australians,† the invaders of the West began colonizing Australia. The 17th century marked the devastating period of history in the Aboriginal way of life. The new settlers immediately interrupted the life of the Aboriginal natives, taking over their rich fisheries, sources of water and farm land. Similarly, a number of Aboriginal people died from the outbreak of European diseases and from the struggle to win the control of their lands. Europeans changed the way of life as well as the history of the Aboriginal people and of the Native American to worst. These tribes have lived in their lands long before the colonization happened—the Europeans took it away. They never came in contact with epidemics—the Europeans introduced and brought diseases to their lands. They had the same old tradition and spiritual beliefs—the Europeans attempted to export theirs to them. These changes caused the largest decline in population recorded in history and also a large impact on the history and culture of the natives of America and Australia. And even so with the Africans whose population grew more in the Americas. Europeans conquered countries trying to expand their political power and land ownership. As they did this, their cultures were also expanding and taking over the rich and endemic culture of the Aboriginal people, Native Americans and Afro-Americans. The Native Americans and the Afro-Americans affected the existence of each tribe. The first had its own rich tradition before the Africans were introduced by the Europeans, which it shared to the Negros. The African, likewise, had unique technologies and ways of living, which it allowed to make known to the natives of America. Duignan and Lewis emphasized the dependence of Americans upon the African labor and population (16). The Aboriginal people, nonetheless, were enjoying their fruitful culture long before the colonizers came. And the same lines fall here, both the Aboriginal history and the Native and Afro-American history were marked by the overpowering Europeans. That these Westerners went down to meet the Africans, sent them to America, went east and conquered Australia. But the line does not end there. The lessened population of the continents and tribes they overpowered due to same reasons—land loss and diseasesand the weakened culture during the European occupation, changed the whole course of the parallel histories of the Aboriginal people and Native and Afro-American populations.

Physical Education For Schools Education Essay

Physical Education For Schools Education Essay Academics are of great important, but so is having time for fitness and physical exercises in school. When children have an opportunity to play and run at recess, they focus and concentrate more during class time. The main aim of physical education to the young generation is to offer them with knowledge and skills necessary to keep them healthy as they grow up. Physical movement is a crucial part of how children learn. So as to keep children motivated and engaged, physical education activities must be enjoyable and highly interactive. This paper has looked on various benefits that are related to fitness and physical education. Moreover the paper has focused on some challenges that hinder implementation of a proper physical education program in schools. Introduction Many of the young generation would highly prefer to be sitting inactively in front a computer or television rather than performing something physically active. Most of the students believe that they have insufficient time, guidance or opportunity to engage in physical activities. The perfect place where student would be able to find sufficient time, guidance and opportunities is in schools themselves. Educators are responsible for the compulsory physical education curriculum at the junior high school levels and should be commended for this, but frowned upon for not implementing it on senior high school students. Downs and Anne defines Physical Education as the course of education that develops the individual body, in terms of movement skills and fitness (112). Physical education teaches students to have helpful skills that are applicable to the present and future life. Through physical education students are also able to learn how to interact and work with others to achieve their goa ls in a manner which academic subjects, such as science and mathematics, may not offer. Those who oppose compulsory Physical Education schools believe that if a child has not developed an aspiration for deliberate physical activities by the time she or he is high school, she or he may not develop (Allison, 2005). It is factual that a student should not be merely forced into something he/she dont like participating in, but if these students do not get any physical exercise outside the school environment, where will they get a suitable amount of physical fitness? Sam Eberhardt, athletic manager a head coach of the McNair basketball team in Raymond, N.C., supposes students do not care about engaging in physical activities anymore and we have to teach these students on the fundamental importance of benefits of Physical Education. In the 1996-1997 school academic years there were 1,143 students enrolled at Nair High School, however there were only five physical education classes offered, which meant average of 120 students attended in these physical education classes (Downs Anne 2005). The outstanding 1023 grade 11 and 12 students had no Physical Education at all. This is a shocking figure. Many students get involved in recreation activities and sports outside of the school compound, but many of them obtain hardly any exercise at all. There is need for students to get a place where they can get involved in some kind of physical activity and exercise (Brailsford, 1992). School is right place where implementation of such physical activities can take place since it is in school you will find proper equipment and facilities that are required to accommodate the students and physical activities involved. If physical education is not made a compulsory subject then many of the students will not obtain the benefits which decent program can offer. Physical education, fitness and health The importance of Physical Education and fitness on young people health is extensive. Also, the High School Physical Education (n.d.) argued that regular physical activity is necessary to sustain fitness and health (1).The fitness and healthy lifestyles acquired from a good program are of high beneficial in controlling hyperkinetic diseases and developing quality health life. Insufficient physical activities results to deprived physical fitness that could lead to diseases such as such as lower back pain, diabetes, heart diseases and obesity. The main fundamental goal of physical education is tom achieve to prevent these hypokinetic diseases and gain physical wellness. Coe, Pivarnik Womack, (2006) defines physical wellness as a measure of mental, emotional physical, mental, and spiritual health. For one to achieve physical wellness, students should try to mingle their academic studies with a physical activity that meets their desires. With practice of these students will not only feel healthier but they will also look healthier and better due to proper exercise and diet. Exercise is the major factor in the enlargement of muscles and reduction of overweight in an individual body (Jeanie, 2008). There are presently many overweight persons whom are unable to reduce weight. The American Cancer Society explained that daily quality physical education is very important in the students long-life health and well-being (1). Furthermore, improved coordinated school health programs which include physical education can help reverse the growing epidemic of childhood obesity (1). Also, they insisted that effective efforts that are made now will help children avoid lifetime chronic diseases and disabilities (1). Furthermor, they explicitly said that regular physical activity is associated with a healthier, longer life, and it prevents chronic heart diseases, obesity, diabetes, and other cancers (1). It is the responsibility of political leaders and educators in the school curri culum to make physical fitness a priority at an early age through educating young people on the substantial importance of physical wellness. The ultimate and best place to educate them would be in high school level; if not they may end up growing with little health knowledge. In accordance to statistics of Model of Physical Fitness textbook (2004), 50% of total death deaths that happen in the United States are closely associated lifestyle habits such as overweight, alcohol consumption and smoking. This lifestyle death can be greatly reduced and controlled through physical exercise and a healthier living. Not all deaths can be controlled, but by implementing a proper physical education program in an individuals first stages of life, this individual will not only live an improved quality of life but also will live longer (Department of Health, 2004). Physical, intellectual and social benefits Physical education offers a recipe of physical, social and intellectual challenges that other disciplines such as physics may not offer. Although the physical feature is the most central, it is not essentially the most important. Sports such as volleyball, basketball and hockey facilitate in refining and developing motor skills and improving coordination among the individuals. Muscular power and endurance are also improved, while flexibility is also enhanced through getting involved in sports activities (Jeanie, 2008). As already know, sport is not just a composer of physical skills, but also composed of knowledge and sharpness of the mind. An all way-round player possesses the capability of making quick and smart decisions during a play of game; this could be a high difference between a good and an average player, although their physical skills may be equivalent. What is distinctive about physical education is that the interaction between instructors and students is usually higher t han in other subjects, and moreover the surrounding atmosphere is generally lively (McDonald, 2001). This interaction rate between the instructors and the students can lead to acquaintances and friendship that would not have developed in other classes; this is a great part of social and intellectual development. Also, studies generally support the suggestion from cross-sectional data that academic performance is maintained or even enhanced by an increase in a students level of habitual physical activity, despite a reduction in curricular or free time for the study of academic material (119). Studies demonstrate the positive effects daily physical activity has on student performance and academic achievement in terms of memory, observation, problem-solving and decision-making, as well as significant improvements in attitudes, discipline, behaviours and creativity (64). A student can study best in an environment that is pleasant, yet educationally productive. Furthermore, Grissom argue d that physical education is not extracurricular; rather, it is a vital component in the students academic success (12). According to Grissoms research, there are many studies that examine the relationship of physical education and academic achievement. This concluded that there is a significant correlation of academic success and physical education (12). Also, he explained that physical and other activities that promote good health promote intellectual capacity (24). Physical activity, skillfulness and social function Physical education also provides physical activity skillfulness that is necessary for social function. It teaches helpful skills such as interaction and communication with peers. The High School Physical Education (n.d.) explained that physical activities and performance involves a competence that enables the students to know how to maintain health and fitness as individuals and as members of teams (3). If these activity skills are not learnt at early ages then it is the duty of schools to teach on how to build up and apply these crucial skills. Also, a report by HM Inspectorate of Education regarding the Physical Education in Primary Schools explained that the success in physical education improves achievements in other areas of learning, and is closely related to intellectual and social development. Also, it builds self-esteem, cooperation, and communication (6). Communication skills are vital in many sides of life e.g.in a job interview communication skill may be a determining fac tor or just in a casual communication with a friend. If students are not trained in social skills they habitually become self- mindful and shy in social interaction (Epstein Valoski, 1995). If play skills are not established at early stages then they will not be developed at all. Eventually this could be a serious factor which may end up affecting social behavior of young people and could result to delinquency, family and social problems. Students with such problems typically lack vital social skills which serve as being participative in group activities. Signs and symptoms of this may be nervousness and general lack of self-confidence during interaction with others. More significantly, physical activity gives students the chance to relieve pressure, stress and enjoy themselves. Challenges facing to fitness and physical education While these are definitely positive benefits and importance of fitness and physical education, there are also various stumbling blocks in establishing a consistent and reliable physical education program in schools. Many of the worldwide challenges put into headlines by UNESCO include financial and human resource constrains to carry out proper physical education programs (Shephard, Lavallee, Voile, Beaucage, 1994). For example, UNESCO stated that there is a shortage of primary school educators who are properly trained in physical education. Moreover, set timetables for physical activities are not established, many schools lack space and equipment, and too many physical education teachers and trainers do not entirely value the importance of physical activity (Shephard, Lavallee, Voile, Beaucage, 1994). Furthermore, A report by HM Inspectorate of Education regarding the Physical Education in Primary Schools said that the physical education within the school day is insufficient; that encouragements to participate in sports is a must to enable a positive impact on the students lifestyle (5). Moreover, a report by HM Inspectorate of Education regarding the Physical Education in Primary Schools reported that the physical education were very low in levels of developing fitness, designing and evaluating (7). Also, the report said that the structure and balance of the physical education programme is poor (10). Also, it was seen that many schools have difficulties in implementing the proper amount of time because of problems in storage areas of equipments, rooms for physical education class, and showering facilities for boys and girls (23). Moreover, the study said that another difficulty in physical education in schools is the quality or way of assessment. Teachers lack confidence and procedures were under-developed (33). Also, the monitoring and the evaluation is another problem to the schools implementation. It was said in a health report that between 1981 and 1996, the number of obese children in Canada between the ages of seven and 13 tripled.This is contributing to a dramatic rise in illnesses such as type 2 diabetes,heart disease, stroke, hypertension and some cancersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ many young people do not have the opportunity to be physically active every dayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (2). In addition to becoming well-informed about the recent political debates on physical education, school educators should all consider their own defined notions about the topic. They appear to be a wide-scale outlook among educators that physical education is of less importance compared to other forms of education. Evidence of this can be seen when contrasting what teachers say with what they really do. While most educators may orally agree that physical education is fundamental, they do not put into practice. They also dont also fully support the governments affirmed goals because they are scared that more focusing on physical education will make it harder to achieve their main objectives of teaching students how to read and write. Conclusion In conclusion the goal of education system should be mainly to educate and teach skills which can be relied upon in the present and future times. Students should not be dispossessed of something that will progress and improve their strength and health. Politicians and educators should legislate for a compulsory Physical Education program at school levels. Physical education enhances skills that are needed for self- confidence and social functioning. It also teaches valuable information on how to maintain physical fitness and provides basic knowledge on how to reduce unhealthy lifestyle habits (Biddle, 1997). Physical fitness will help to kick-out minor symptoms such as constipation, stress, headaches, and indigestion. Physical Education should be a requirement for all school curriculums since it help in providing physical skills which are essential for educational value, efficient social functioning and good healthy practice which reduce health risks. Healthy persons are more fruitfu l at work, are less expected to be absent at work and are usually more pleased with their livelihood activities. By incorporating a healthy lifestyle at early ages, it will increase the possibility of it continuing into the later on years Modern luxuries, such as computers, television and cars encourage young people and children to sit down for couple of hours, and this is taking a harm toll on our society. Millions of people are suffering from deadly diseases that could be controlled through regular exercise.   In spite of all of the incredible medical breakthroughs established by contemporary scientists, there is no such a thing like exercise in a tablet.   Nothing at all can substitute physical activity. When this fact is generally accepted and physical education becomes an embedded part of the learning practice, all people of society, including the young generation, will benefit.